Pro Sports Lockouts and Strikes Fast Facts
CNN Editorial Research
(CNN) — Here’s a look at lockouts and strikes in professional sports. A lockout is imposed by management or the owners. A strike is initiated by the employees or players.
Major League Baseball (MLB) Lockouts & Strikes
There have been nine work stoppages in MLB history, as a result of five strikes and four lockouts.
December 2, 2021–March 10, 2022 – The most recent work stoppage, due to a lockout lasting 99 days.
1994-1995 – The longest work stoppage, due to a strike.
Timeline of MLB Lockouts & Strikes
April 1-13, 1972 – Strike concerning player pensions and binding arbitration. Lasts 13 days, 86 games missed.
February 8-25, 1973 – Lockout concerning binding arbitration for salary disputes. Lasts 17 days, 0 games missed.
March 1-17, 1976 – Lockout concerning free agency and reentry draft. Lasts 17 days, 0 games missed.
April 1-8, 1980 – Strike concerning free agent compensation. Lasts 8 days, 0 games missed.
June 12-July 31, 1981 – Strike ordered by the court, concerning free agent compensation by team owners. Lasts 50 days, 712 games missed.
August 6-7, 1985 – Strike concerning owner contributions to player pension plan and binding arbitration. Lasts 2 days, 0 games missed.
February 15-March 18, 1990 – Lockout concerning revenue sharing, salary arbitration and the salary cap. Lasts 32 days, 0 games missed.
August 12, 1994-April 2, 1995 – Strike concerning the salary cap. Lasts 232 days, 938 games missed including the entire 1994 playoff and World Series schedule.
August 30, 2002 – Hours before a strike deadline set by the players, negotiators reach an agreement. The settlement is ratified by owners 29-1, with only the New York Yankees opposed to it. The deal marks the first time in the last 30 years that a CBA between MLB players and owners was reached without a work stoppage.
November 22, 2011 – MLB players and owners sign a new agreement, which includes testing players’ blood for human growth hormone, expanding the playoffs from eight teams to 10 and moving the Houston Astros to the American League in 2013.
March 2016 – The Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) begins negotiations for a new collective bargaining agreement with Major League Baseball executives.
November 30, 2016 – With hours before the current agreement is set to expire on December 1, MLB and the MLBPA reach an agreement on a new five-year labor contract.
December 2, 2021 – The first official work stoppage in professional baseball since the 1994-95 seasons begins, after the collective bargaining agreement between MLB and the players’ union expires. The lockout prevents players from using team facilities as well as free agents from signing new contracts until a new agreement is reached.
March 1, 2022 – Commissioner Rob Manfred says MLB is postponing its March 31 Opening Day and canceling the first two series of regular season games.
March 10, 2022 – MLB and the MLBPA reach an agreement, and a new five-year CBA is ratified by the owners. Components of the deal include increases to minimum salaries, an expansion of the postseason to 12 teams and a universal designated hitter.
National Football League (NFL) Lockouts & Strikes
There have been six NFL work stoppages.
March 12-July 25, 2011 – The 136-day lockout is the longest work stoppage in NFL history.
Timeline of NFL Lockouts & Strikes
July 3-July 15, 1968 – The NFL Players Association (NFLPA) votes to strike, and the NFL owners counter by locking out the players during training camp. The two sides come to an agreement regarding pension benefits, resulting in the first NFL collective bargaining agreement (CBA).
July 13-August 3, 1970 – In response to NFL veterans being locked out of training camp, the NFLPA votes to strike. The second NFL work stoppage ends with a four-year, $19.1 million deal.
July 1-August 10, 1974 – The 41-day strike ends when veteran NFL players report to training camp without a new agreement.
September 21-November 16, 1982 – The 57-day strike is over revenue sharing. Play resumes on November 21.
September 22-October 15, 1987 – A 24-day strike. After the NFL players go on strike over free agency, they are supplanted by replacement players.
March 8, 2006 – The CBA is extended through the 2011 season. Under the agreement, of the $9 billion revenue stream, NFL owners take $1 billion off the top for expenses. After that, the players get about 60%.
May 20, 2008 – The owners vote to end the CBA after the 2010 season.
February 18, 2011 – The NFL and the NFLPA enter into federal mediation. George Cohen is the Director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS), an independent government agency handling the mediation.
March 3, 2011 – The existing contract between the NFL and the players expires at 11:59 p.m. ET.
March 4, 2011 – The negotiating deadline is extended by one week.
March 11, 2011 – Negotiations to draft a new CBA break down. At 4:40 p.m. ET, the players’ union walks out on negotiations. The players decertify the union so that they can file a class-action antitrust lawsuit against the NFL (Brady v. NFL). Quarterbacks Tom Brady, Drew Brees and Peyton Manning are three of 11 football players who file the lawsuit on behalf of the players against the NFL.
March 12, 2011 – The NFL lockout begins at midnight ET.
April 25, 2011 – Susan Richard Nelson, a US district judge in St. Paul, Minnesota, rules in favor of the players, ordering the owners to end the lockout.
April 27, 2011 – Judge Nelson denies the NFL’s appeal.
April 29, 2011 – The lockout goes back into effect as the league’s appeal for a temporary stay of the ruling is granted by the 8th US Circuit Court of Appeals.
July 21, 2011 – NFL owners vote 31-0 (Oakland Raiders abstain) to ratify the proposed 10-year CBA.
July 25, 2011 – The NFL players unanimously vote to ratify the agreement, effectively ending the 136-day lockout.
August 4, 2011 – NFL players ratify a new agreement, formally ending the labor dispute.
National Basketball Association (NBA) Lockouts
July 1-September 18, 1995 – The 80-day lockout revolves around the players dissatisfaction with their union and salaries.
July 9, 1996 – The second NBA lockout lasts only hours.
July 1, 1998-January 6, 1999 – The 191-day lockout is over collective bargaining.
July 1-December 8, 2011 – The 161-day lockout ends when NBA players and owners agree to a 10-year CBA.
Timeline of NBA Lockouts
June 21, 1995 – Owners and the players’ union agree to a six-year deal.
July 1, 1995 – NBA Commissioner David Stern announces a lockout after players reject the agreement reached by the owners and the players’ union. The players claim they weren’t fairly represented by the union. Simon Gourdine is the executive director and leader of the players’ union.
August 8, 1995 – NBA players and owners reach an agreement.
September 12, 1995 – The players accept the terms of the agreement, by a vote of 226-134.
September 13, 1995 – Representatives of the players’ union approve the agreement in a 25-2 vote.
September 15, 1995 – Team owners ratify the contract in a 24-5 vote.
September 18, 1995 – The NBA owners and players’ union agree to a six-year, $5 billion CBA.
July 9, 1996 – The hours-long lockout effectively ends, after an agreement is reached regarding how to divide $50 million in TV revenue.
July 11, 1996 – The NBA announces that a CBA extending through the 2000-2001 season has been signed.
March 23, 1998 – The NBA owners vote to reopen the CBA, 27 to 2.
July 1, 1998 – The NBA owners lockout the players.
January 6, 1999 – The NBA players and owners reach a tentative agreement.
January 6, 1999 – The NBA players consent to the terms of the agreement by a vote of 179-5.
January 7, 1999 – The lockout officially ends when all 29 NBA owners unanimously accept the agreement.
June 30, 2011 – The current CBA expires.
July 1, 2011 – The NBA begins a collective lockout of its players. The lockout will continue until a new collective bargaining agreement is reached with the National Basketball Players Association (NBPA).
August 2, 2011 – The NBA files two claims against the NBPA: an unfair labor practice charge before the National Labor Relations Board and a lawsuit in New York federal district court.
October 18, 2011 – NBA players and owners meet with federal mediator George Cohen.
November 14, 2011 – The NBA players reject the league’s latest labor proposal and announce that the union will disband and an antitrust lawsuit will be filed against the NBA.
November 15, 2011 – The NBA announces that all games through December 15, a total of 324 games, are canceled. Hours later, NBA players including Carmelo Anthony and Kevin Durant file class-action antitrust lawsuits against the NBA in at least two states.
November 26, 2011 – NBA players and owners reach a tentative agreement, effectively ending the lockout. The NBA season is scheduled to begin on December 25, 2011.
December 8, 2011 – The lockout officially ends when NBA players and owners ratify a 10-year CBA.
National Hockey League (NHL) Lockouts & Strikes
There have been four work stoppages in the NHL since 1992, as a result of one strike and three lockouts.
2004-2005 – First time that a North American professional sports league loses an entire season due to a labor dispute.
Timeline of NHL Lockouts & Strikes
April 1992 – NHL players go on strike, resulting in the postponement of 30 games.
October 1, 1994-January 11, 1995 – 468 games are canceled as a result of the 103-day lockout.
September 15, 2004 – The existing CBA expires at midnight ET.
September 16, 2004 – The NHL owners lockout the players.
February 16, 2005 – The 2004-2005 hockey season is canceled due to lockout.
March 24, 2005 – The 2005 NHL draft is canceled.
July 13, 2005 – After more than 24 hours straight of talks, a tentative deal is made.
July 22, 2005 – The lockout ends when the NHL and the NHL Players’ Association (NHLPA) finalize a six-year CBA. The deal includes a team salary cap system, the main source of disagreement, with a limit on total league spending for players.
June 2010 – The NHLPA extends the existing CBA through the 2011-2012 season.
September 15, 2012 – The NHL imposes a lockout at midnight ET after the CBA expires.
December 10, 2012 – The NHL announces the cancellation of the 2012-13 regular-season schedule through December 30. A total of 526 regular-season games were scheduled for October 11 through December 30.
January 6, 2013 – After a 16-hour negotiating session, the NHL and the NHLPA reach a tentative agreement.
January 9, 2013 – The NHL owners vote unanimously to ratify the new 10-year CBA.
January 12, 2013 – The NHL and the NHLPA sign a memorandum of understanding regarding the new 10-year CBA, officially ending the lockout. The truncated regular season begins January 19 and ends April 27.
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